A Complete Guide to Asphalt Roofing

Asphalt shingles are the most popular roofing material in the U.S. for a good reason. They’re durable, affordable, and incredibly versatile. We’ve created the ultimate guide that covers everything you need to know about asphalt roofing: from where it came from to how it’s installed, maintained, and why it continues to cover millions of homes across the country. Plus, there’s a handy glossary waiting for you at the end! If you’re new to asphalt roofing, this is the place to be.

1. The history of asphalt roofs

Before asphalt shingles became the standard, 19th-century roofers used fabric coated in pine or coal tar to keep water out. That was a messy, short-lived solution. It all changed in the late 1800s when roofers began saturating cotton felt with asphalt and topping it with crushed slate, laying the groundwork for what we now know as the modern asphalt shingle.

In 1903, roofer Henry Reynolds of Grand Rapids, Michigan, revolutionized roofing by cutting asphalt-saturated rolls into individual shingles. By the 1920s, they were widely adopted: lighter than slate, more durable than wood, and far more fire-resistant.

Innovation didn’t stop there. In the 1950s, the now-familiar three-tab shingle became the industry standard. By the 1980s, fiberglass mats replaced old felt backings, which made shingles stronger and more moisture-resistant.

Today’s shingles come in a wide range of styles, with features like algae resistance, impact ratings, and high wind performance. Over a century after their invention, asphalt shingles remain the top roofing choice in the U.S., used on about 75% of homes all over the States.

2. What asphalt shingles are made of and why it matters

Modern asphalt shingles are carefully engineered with multiple layers that each serve a specific purpose. Here’s a breakdown of the materials and why each one matters:

Fiberglass mat

Today, over 90% of asphalt shingles in the U.S. use a fiberglass base mat. This mat is made by weaving glass fibers into a flat, flexible sheet, then coating it with a water-based binder to hold it together. The main benefits are:

Fire resistance: Fiberglass doesn’t burn, so the shingles meet Class A fire ratings.
Dimensional stability: It resists warping, shrinking, and expanding with temperature changes.
Moisture resistance: Fiberglass doesn’t absorb water, which reduces rot and swelling.
Lighter weight: Makes installation easier and reduces stress on roof structures.
Longer life span: Less prone to curling or distortion over time.

Asphalt coating (modified bitumen)

The base mat is coated in asphalt, typically a blend of petroleum-based bitumen and sometimes polymers to enhance performance.

Types of asphalt used:

Oxidized asphalt: Heated and “aged” to improve rigidity and resistance to UV rays.
Polymer-modified asphalt (SBS or APP): Added elastomers (like Styrene-Butadiene-Styrene) make the shingle more flexible and crack-resistant, especially in extreme cold.

The main benefits of asphalt coating include:

Waterproofing: The core role of asphalt is to repel water and prevent leaks.
Durability: Modified asphalts offer better resistance to cracking and granule loss.
Adhesion: Helps granules stick and ensures shingles bond properly to each other during installation.

Mineral granules (stone-coated surface)

The top of the shingle is covered with mineral granules (crushed, colored stone) that are heat-fused onto the asphalt.

Why granules matter:

UV protection: Granules shield the asphalt from sun damage and oxidation.
Color & style: Granules are coated with ceramic pigments to give shingles their color and curb appeal.
Fire resistance: Helps prevent surface ignition.
Algae resistance: Some granules are infused with copper or zinc to inhibit blue-green algae growth (a common cause of black streaks on roofs).

There are also some specialty granules worth considering:

Cool roof granules: Reflect sunlight to reduce heat absorption, which is great for warmer climates or energy-efficient homes.
Impact-resistant granules: Engineered to withstand hail and flying debris.

Self-sealing strip (adhesive layer)

Most shingles have a factory-applied strip of thermally activated adhesive that bonds the shingle tabs together after installation. Some of the top benefits are the following:

Wind resistance: Prevents tabs from lifting in high winds (especially important for storms and hurricanes).
Leak prevention: Seals are tight against water intrusion, especially around nails.
Longevity: Reduces wear-and-tear caused by wind flapping and vibration over time.

3. The types of asphalt shingles

Asphalt shingles come in a variety of styles that offer different looks, performance levels, and price points. Here are the three most common:

3-tab shingles (traditional, flat style)

These are the classic asphalt shingles you’ve likely seen on older homes.

Flat and uniform with evenly spaced “tabs”
Most affordable option
Lifespan is around 15-25 years
Wind rating up to 60-70 mph
Best for budget-conscious projects, sheds, or rental properties

Three-tab shingles are simple, clean, and functional, so they’re great for basic protection on a budget.

Architectural shingles (dimensional or laminate)

Architectural shingles are by far the most popular choice today. They have multiple layers that create a more textured, dimensional look.

Looks like wood shake with rich shadows and depth
Mid-range cost
Lifespan is 25-35+ years
Wind rating up to 110-130 mph
Best for modern homes looking for a balance of style and durability

Dimensional shingles offer a great blend of performance, curb appeal, and long-term value.

Luxury shingles (designer or premium)

These are the top-tier asphalt shingles, designed to look like slate or cedar, but without the weight or high cost.

Bold, high-profile, and often mimics upscale materials
The highest cost among the asphalt options
Lifespan is 30-50+ years
Wind rating usually 130+ mph
Best for custom homes, historic styles, or premium renovations

These shingles are ideal for homeowners who want durability and head-turning style. For flat or low-slope areas, materials like EPDM rubber roofing are often used instead of shingles, since asphalt performs best on pitched roofs.

4. The benefits of asphalt roofing

Here’s what makes asphalt roofing such a standout option:

Affordable and cost-effective

Asphalt shingles give you great value for your money. Compared to tile, wood, slate, or metal as a roofing material, asphalt shingles are significantly more affordable in both material and installation costs. You can get a reliable, weather-resistant roof without breaking the bank and still enjoy a wide range of design choices.

Easy to install and replace

Asphalt roofing installation is quick and straightforward, which saves time and labor costs. Most roofing contractors are highly experienced with asphalt shingles, which means that you can expect fewer delays and a smoother project. If damage ever occurs, repairs are usually simple and inexpensive, often requiring only a few shingles to be replaced.

Wide variety of styles and colors

Today’s asphalt shingles come in a huge range of textures, patterns, and colors. No matter your home’s architecture, there’s an asphalt style to match. You can even find options that mimic high-end roofing at a fraction of the cost.

Durable in tough weather

Modern asphalt shingles are built to withstand wind, rain, snow, hail, and UV rays. Many architectural and luxury shingles are rated to resist winds up to 130 mph. Options with impact resistance are also available.

Fire and algae resistant

Most asphalt shingles carry a Class A fire rating, which offers an added layer of protection for your home. You can also choose shingles treated with algae-resistant granules, which prevent those unsightly black streaks common in humid or shaded areas.

Energy efficient and environmentally responsible

Many asphalt shingles today are made with cool roof technology that reflects more sunlight and helps reduce attic heat, lowering your air conditioning costs. What’s more, old shingles can often be recycled into road materials instead of ending up in landfills.

Low maintenance

Once installed, asphalt roofs require minimal upkeep. With proper attic ventilation and basic care, they can last 20-30+ years without major issues. Some premium products even come with warranties of up to 50 years.

Works with other systems

Asphalt shingles are highly compatible with seamless gutters, attic ventilation systems, solar panels, and more. Their standard form makes it easier to integrate with other home systems.

Boosts home resale value

A new asphalt roof can be a strong selling point. Buyers appreciate the long life, clean look, and predictable performance of an asphalt roof, so your home will likely be more marketable.

5. A few minor drawbacks of asphalt roofing

Like any material, asphalt shingles come with a few trade-offs. While they offer excellent value and performance for most homeowners, it’s helpful to understand where they may fall short compared to premium roofing options:

Shorter lifespan than premium materials

While architectural and luxury shingles can last 25-50 years, asphalt doesn’t match the longevity of materials like slate, metal, or clay tile, which can last 60-100 years or more. However, asphalt is much more affordable and still provides decades of protection when properly installed.

More affected by temperature swings

Asphalt can expand and contract with heat and cold, which may lead to minor wear over time, especially in extreme climates. Choosing high-quality shingles and ensuring proper ventilation can help reduce this effect.

Bottom line

For most homeowners, the advantages of asphalt roofing far outweigh the drawbacks. With proper installation, good ventilation, and a bit of maintenance, asphalt shingles remain one of the best all-around roofing options for value, style, and performance.

6. How to install an asphalt roof

Installing an asphalt shingle roof is a detailed, well-planned process. Here’s what typically happens during a professional installation:

Tear-off or inspection

If it’s a roof replacement, the first step is removing the old roofing materials down to the bare decking. This allows roofers to inspect the wood underneath for signs of rot or damage. On a new build, they’ll just start with the clean decking. Installing over damaged wood can shorten the life of the new roof, so a clean and solid base is a must.

Deck repair

The roofers replace any weak or rotting sections of the decking. A strong roof starts with a solid foundation, so this step ensures your shingles have something secure to attach to.

Install underlayment & ice/water shield

A layer of underlayment (usually synthetic or felt) is rolled out over the entire roof to act as a moisture barrier. In colder climates or leak-prone areas like valleys and eaves, a special ice and water shield is added for extra protection.

Drip edge installation

Your roofers will install metal drip edge strips along the roof’s edges to guide water into the gutters and prevent it from seeping under the shingles.

Starter shingles and first course

Roofers install a row of starter shingles along the eaves and rake edges. These help seal the roof edges and prevent wind uplift. Then they begin laying full shingles above it, typically from bottom to top.

Laying the shingles

This is the main step. Shingles are installed in an overlapping pattern to create a watertight barrier. Roofers align them precisely and fasten each with roofing nails according to manufacturer specs – usually four to six nails per shingle, depending on wind zone.

Flashing and pipe boots

Metal flashing is installed anywhere water might try to sneak in, including around chimneys, vents, skylights, and valleys. Vent boots are used to seal around plumbing pipes or roof penetrations.

Ridge cap installation

Once all shingle rows are complete, ridge cap shingles are installed along the roof peak. If the home has a ridge vent, the caps are placed over it to seal the top while allowing hot attic air to escape.

Cleanup and final inspection

A good roofing crew will clean up all debris, sweep the yard with magnets to catch stray nails, and do a final inspection to ensure everything is sealed, aligned, and secure.

How long does it take?

Typical installation time is 1 to 3 days for most single-family homes. Larger or more complex roofs may take longer, especially if there’s decking repair involved or the weather delays the process.

7. How to properly maintain an asphalt roofing system

A well-installed asphalt roof can last decades, but like anything exposed to the elements, it needs a little upkeep to stay in top shape. With just a bit of seasonal attention, you can extend your roof’s life, protect your home, and avoid costly repairs.

The ultimate routine maintenance checklist

Here’s what homeowners should do to keep an asphalt roof in great condition:

Inspect the roof

You should do this in spring and fall, as well as after any big storms.

Look for missing, cracked, or curling shingles
Check for dark streaks (possible algae), moss, or debris buildup
Watch for granule loss (bald spots or granules in gutters)
Examine flashing around vents, chimneys, and skylights

Keep it clean

Remove leaves, sticks, and debris (especially from valleys and behind chimneys)
Clean moss and algae using a roof-safe cleaner or mild bleach solution
Trim overhanging branches to reduce shade, moss growth, and falling debris

Clean your gutters

Clogged gutters can back up water under the shingles and lead to rot or ice dams. Keeping them clear helps your roof drain properly.

Check flashing and roof penetrations

Look around vent pipes, chimneys, skylights, and valleys for loose or damaged flashing. This is where leaks are most likely to happen.

Watch for signs of trouble indoors

Water stains or discoloration on ceilings or walls
Peeling paint near rooflines
Musty smells in the attic

These may be signs of small roof leaks, which are best caught early before they turn into bigger issues.

When to call a professional

After severe weather (wind, hail, heavy snow)
If you notice sagging, large patches of missing shingles, or chronic leaks
For a professional inspection twice a year, even if things seem fine

8. Environmental impact and recyclability

Every year, millions of tons of old asphalt shingles are torn off roofs across the U.S. However, most of that material doesn’t have to go to the landfill.

Old asphalt shingles can be:

Recycled into asphalt for paving roads and highways
Used in patching potholes or as part of warm-mix asphalt for construction
Processed for reuse in other roofing products in some cases

What’s being done to improve asphalt’s impact

The industry is working hard to make asphalt roofing more sustainable, including:

Using recycled content in new shingles (such as recycled fiberglass or minerals)
Creating longer-lasting products, so fewer roofs need replacing
Improving manufacturing efficiency to reduce energy and emissions
Partnering with local and regional recyclers to make shingle recycling more accessible

What about durability?

One often-overlooked environmental benefit of asphalt shingles is their durability. A long-lasting, well-installed roof means:

Fewer replacements
Less material waste
Fewer transportation emissions

Modern architectural and luxury shingles can last 30-50 years, which reduces the overall environmental footprint. Asphalt roofing may not be perfect, but it’s evolving fast.

With proper recycling, energy-smart materials, and a commitment to waste reduction, it’s becoming a much more eco-conscious choice, especially when installed by a contractor who cares.

9. Common myths about asphalt roofs debunked

Despite being the most popular roofing material in the country, asphalt shingles are often misunderstood. Let’s clear the air on a few of the most common myths and replace them with facts.

Asphalt shingles are bad for the environment

Asphalt shingles are now recyclable, and many roofing companies actively recycle old shingles into road materials. Modern shingles also last longer, and cool-roof options help improve energy efficiency. Sustainability is no longer out of reach for asphalt roofs.

Asphalt roofs don’t last long

While older 3-tab shingles may only last 15-20 years, modern architectural and luxury shingles are designed to last 30-50 years with proper care. Regular maintenance and good ventilation make a big difference in lifespan.

Asphalt shingles are all the same

Today’s shingles come in a wide variety of styles, thicknesses, colors, and performance levels. From basic three-tab to dimensional and designer shingles, homeowners can get anything from classic to high-end looks with asphalt.

You can install new shingles over old ones

While this is legally allowed in some areas, professionals don’t recommend it. Installing over old shingles can hide damage, reduce the lifespan of your new roof, and often void warranties. A full tear-off and proper inspection is always the better long-term solution.

Asphalt shingles can’t handle extreme weather

Many modern asphalt shingles are rated to withstand winds up to 130 mph, resist hail impacts, and come with fire-resistant ratings. Proper installation and the right shingle type make them suitable for a wide range of climates, from coastal to snowy.

Asphalt roofs don’t look good

This one’s way out of date. Today’s asphalt shingles can mimic wood shakes, slate, and other premium materials, all at a fraction of the cost.

Asphalt shingles have come a long way, and a lot of old beliefs haven’t kept up. With the right product, skilled installation, and a reputable contractor, an asphalt roof is a smart, stylish, and sustainable choice.

10. A comprehensive glossary of asphalt roof parts

To understand how an asphalt roof works, it helps to know its individual components. Here’s a homeowner-friendly glossary explaining the major parts of an asphalt shingle roof.

Structural and base layers

Roof decking (sheathing): The wooden base of the roof (usually plywood or OSB) that all roofing materials sit on.
Underlayment: A protective layer (felt or synthetic) that goes directly over the decking, under the shingles, and acts as a moisture barrier.
Ice and water shield: A rubberized waterproof membrane installed in vulnerable areas (e.g., valleys, eaves) to protect against ice dams and wind-driven rain.
Starter strip: The first row of shingles installed along the roof edge to provide a secure foundation and seal the edge against the wind uplift.

Main roofing surface

Asphalt shingles: The main roof covering. Each shingle is made of a fiberglass mat soaked in asphalt and topped with protective stone granules.
3-tab shingles: A basic, flat-style shingle with three evenly spaced cutouts or tabs. Common in older or budget roofs.
Architectural (dimensional) shingles: Thicker shingles made with multiple asphalt layers that provide a textured, 3D look.
Luxury shingles: Heavy-duty shingles designed to mimic slate or cedar; thicker, larger and more decorative than standard styles.
Granules: Crushed mineral particles fused to the surface of shingles to protect against sun, provide fire resistance, and add color.
Self-sealing strip: A line of adhesive on the back of each shingle that melts and bonds the shingle in place using heat from the sun.

Roof edges and water protection

Drip edge: A metal strip installed at the edge of the roof to direct water into the gutters and protect the underlying wood.
Fascia: The vertical board under the edge of the roof (behind the gutter) that supports the lower roof edge.
Soffit: The underside of the eaves (overhang); helps ventilate the attic by allowing air intake.

Roof features and transitions

Ridge: The horizontal line at the very top of the roof where two sloping sides meet.
Ridge cap shingles: Special shingles designed to cover and protect the ridge line while allowing ventilation.
Valley: The inside angle where two roof slopes meet; water naturally funnels through this area. Requires special underlayment and shingle overlap to prevent leaks.
Hip: The outside angle where two roof slopes meet (e.g., on pyramid-style roofs). Often capped like a ridge.
Flashing: Thin metal (usually aluminum) installed around features like chimneys, skylights, and vent pipes to keep water out.
Vent boot (pipe boot): A rubber or metal collar that seals around roof penetrations (like plumbing vent pipes).

Ventilation and moisture control

Roof vent (box, ridge, or turtle vent): Allows hot, moist air to escape from the attic, preventing mold and premature roof aging.
Ridge vent: A continuous vent along the ridge of the roof, often hidden under ridge cap shingles.
Intake vent (soffit vent): Located under the eaves to let cooler air into the attic, creating airflow with the ridge vents.
Attic ventilation: The system that keeps air flowing through the attic to regulate temperature and moisture levels.

If you’re looking for dependable asphalt roofing

If you need a dependable roofing company, count on Horch Roofing, a team committed to durable, high-quality results. We’re among Maine’s leading providers of asphalt roofing, known for our skilled specialists, top-tier materials, and exquisite craftsmanship.

We’ve dedicated ourselves to creating solutions that offer real peace of mind for property owners—roofs designed to handle Maine’s tough weather conditions. With us, count on long-lasting performance, minimal upkeep, and elevated aesthetics.

The Ultimate Guide to Asphalt Roofing